A Case Series on Bleeding Complications Secondary to Clopidogrel and Acenocoumarol: Clinical Patterns and Management Outcomes

Adivesha SA — 2026-04-30

Drug-induced coagulopathy refers to life-threatening adverse effects associated with anticoagulant and antiplatelet drugs. This article describes a case series of clinical patterns and management outcomes of bleeding complications secondary to clopidogrel and acenocoumarol. In case of the first and second case reports, patients who were receiving aspirin and clopidogrel revealed spontaneous bleeding from the mucous membranes in the gastrointestinal tract. Their predisposition to hemorrhagic phenomena may be attributed to their advanced age, diabetes, ischemic heart disease and possible interactions between medications. Therefore, standard doses of clopidogrel and aspirin might induce hemorrhage in at-risk groups of patients. Supportive therapy was sufficient for stabilizing patients' conditions. The third, fourth and fifth case reports demonstrate the consequences of acenocoumarol overdose. Acenocoumarol is a vitamin K antagonist that interferes with the production of clotting factors II, VII, IX and X. As shown, there was a considerable increase in PT and INR (up to 8.6). The extent of bleeding symptoms, including hematemesis and melena with severe anemia, was directly proportional to the magnitude of INR. Treatment included the introduction of vitamin K and fresh frozen plasma, which contributed to normalizing blood coagulation. This review highlights that insufficient monitoring of INR is one of the key factors contributing to the development of drug-induced bleeding events. The current case reports reveal that older people, those with polypharmacy and patients with underlying cardiovascular pathologies are at increased risk of experiencing side effects related to anticoagulation therapy. As evidenced by the clinical cases, INR is reduced by vitamin K and FFP. Thus, this case series contributes to the discussion of the topic, adding specific data. In summary, this case series confirms the available information concerning the role of antiplatelet and anticoagulant drugs in drug-induced coagulopathy. The comparison with the results of a pharmacovigilance study strengthens the understanding that careful monitoring, individualized dose adjustment and proactive intervention are crucial for preventing this condition.

Pretty Poison: Carcinogenic Chemicals Hiding in Cosmetics and Personal Care Products

Vaibhavi J Panchal — 2026-04-30

Cancer occurs due to the interaction between endogenous and exogenous factors. Endogenous causes of cancer include genetic abnormalities and hormones imbalance. Exogenously, existing risk factors which include chemicals, exposure to radiation, poor dietary intake, as well as smoking, make it easier for tumours to form. Such factors contribute to cell proliferation and growth. Knowing how to prevent and detect cancer earlier is important in ensuring its successful management. With regards to the pathophysiology of cancer, various carcinogenic factors come into play. Particularly, factors such as smoking and radiation have the capacity to affect DNA, oxidize cells and induce cell changes leading to cancer. For aesthetic reasons, one can use various cosmetic and cosmeceutical products. These cosmetics include mascara, lipstick, eye shadow, foundation, nail polish and blush. However, for those who want to get long-lasting beauty effects, products referred to as cosmeceuticals can be used. This entails using creams and other products that enhance skin, hair and general appearance. In this review, certain components found in cosmetic products such as parabens, talcum powder and other chemicals that exhibit possible carcinogenic properties were discussed. These elements could play a role in the development of tumors through the harm they cause to DNA or hormone production. Cancer develops as a result of interactions between many factors, such as genetic factors, environmental issues, behavioral problems and hormones, all contributing to the formation of tumors. Not all these factors may be responsible for developing cancer; however, limiting oneself to being exposed to these factors may help, especially by adopting organic skincare. When choosing any skincare routine, it would be necessary to consider the adoption of organic products and to avoid any products containing carcinogenic ingredients.

Journal of Clinical and Pharmaceutical Research

A Case Series on Bleeding Complications Secondary to Clopidogrel and Acenocoumarol: Clinical Patterns and Management Outcomes

Pretty Poison: Carcinogenic Chemicals Hiding in Cosmetics and Personal Care Products